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Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth and their supporting bones and soft tissues) to human beings. A dentist is a professional practitioner of dentistry. In most countries, several years of training in a university (usually 4-8) and some practical experience working with actual patients' dentition are required to become a qualified dentist. The patron saint of dentists is Saint Apollonia, martyred in Alexandria by having all her teeth violently extracted, not, one would have thought, such a very desirable exemplar.
Specialties
There are nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association
and require 2-6 years of further formal university training after dental
school. The specialties are Dental
Plans Public Health (study of dental epidemiology and social health
policies), Endodontics (root canal therapy), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
(study, diagnosis, and often the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related
diseases), Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation
of oral and maxillofacial diseases), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions
and facial surgery), Orthodontics (straightening of teeth), Pedodontics
(pediatric dentistry; i.e. dentistry for children), Periodontics (treatment
of gum disease), Prosthodontics (replacement of missing facial anatomy by
prostheses such as dentures, bridges and implants).
Specialists in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral surgeon, pedodontist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified") registry requirements.
Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency (advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience) and Advanced Education in General Dentistry (advanced training in clinical dentistry) recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization.
Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporal-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies.
Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
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