Sino-Indian War
In 1962, People's Republic of China invaded a totally unprepared India using an ongoing minor border dispute as the "causus belli" even though there was no pre-existing Chinese claim on any part of Kashmir Sino-Indian War. China had the upper hand throughout the war, resulting in the Chinese occupation of the region called Aksai Chin, which continues to date, as well as a strip along the eastern border. In addition to these lands, another smaller area, the Trans-Karakoram, was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 in exchange of military assistance, including clandestine proliferation of nuclear and ballistic technology by a "Nuclear Weapon State", China, to Pakistan, a non-signatory of Nuclear Proliferation Treay (NPT). The line that separates India from China in this region is known as the Line of Actual Control.
1965 and 1971 Wars:
In 1965 and 1971, heavy fighting again broke out between India and Pakistan.
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 resulted in a defeat of Pakistan in East
Pakistan (Bangladesh), and the capturing of 90,000 Pakistani soldiers
by India in that region. The Simla Agreement was signed in 1972 between
India and Pakistan. By this treaty, both countries agreed to settle all
issues by peaceful means and mutual discussions in the framework of the
UN Charter. The treaty is often viewed by Indians as having cemented the
LoC as a permanent border between the two nations whereas Pakistan and
Kashmiris consider it temporary Pending final solution.
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